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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1 Equality and Political Argument -- Untitled -- 2 Social Policy and Political Argument -- 3 Some Underlying Themes -- 2 Procedural Equality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Equality as a Defeasible Concept -- 3 Equality and Consistency -- 3 Substantive Equality -- 1 Justice and Equality -- 2 The Contract Argument -- 3 Equality, Incentives and Efficiency -- 4 Primary Goods and Social Policy -- 1 Distributive Principles and Primary Goods -- 2 Compensation and Welfare -- 3 Equality and Transfers in Kind -- 4 Pensions and Redistribution -- 5 Need and Equality -- 1 The Concept of Need -- 2 Need and Equality -- 3 The Boundaries of Need Claims -- 4 Consent Risk and Need -- 6 Institutions (1) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Health Care -- 3 Education -- 4 Housing -- 5 Exemption from Collectively Supplied Benefits -- 7 Institutions (2) -- 1 General Framework of Social Policy -- 2 The State and Social Policy -- 3 Social Policy and the Market -- 4 Altruism, Citizenship and Social Policy -- Notes -- Guide to Further Reading -- Bibliography -- Index.

An exposition and evaluation of major work in social contract theory from 1950 to the present. It locates the central themes of that theory in the intellectual legacy of utilitarianism, particularly the problems of defining principles of justice and of showing the grounds of moral obligation. It demonstrates how theorists responded in a novel way to the dilemmas articulated in utilitarianism, developing in their different approaches a constructivist method in ethics, a method that aimed to vindicate a liberal, democratic and just political order.

An exposition and evaluation of major work in social contract theory from 1950 to the present. It locates the central themes of that theory in the intellectual legacy of utilitarianism, particularly the problems of defining principles of justice and of showing the grounds of moral obligation. It demonstrates how theorists responded in a novel way to the dilemmas articulated in utilitarianism, developing in their different approaches a constructivist method in ethics, a method that aimed to vindicate a liberal, democratic and just political order.

Cover -- Contents -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- 1 The Theoretical Challenges of Democracy -- Democratic principles and normative methods -- The circumstances of politics -- The definition of democracy -- 2 Forms of Democratic Government -- Institutions, behaviour, social structure -- An institutional typology -- Evaluating forms of government -- 3 The Justification of Democracy -- The protective case for democracy -- From adjudication to democracy -- Democracy and political equality -- Fallibilism -- Common interests and political ideals -- Democracy and consent -- 4 Deliberation, Consensus and Political Equality -- Consensus and deliberation -- Deliberation and fairness -- Institutional dimensions -- 5 Participation as Democracy, Participation in Democracy -- Participation as democracy: autonomy -- Participation as democracy: moral development -- Participation in democracy -- Why not populism? -- 6 From Conceptions of Representation to Systems of Representation -- The concept of representation -- The lottery alternative -- Responsiveness and representation -- Back to social characteristics? -- A system of representation? -- 7 Aggregation, Unanimity and Majority Rule -- The principle of unanimity -- Majority rule: the axiomatic defence -- The spatial defence -- Two dimensions with no Condorcet-winner -- Empirical aspects -- 8 Democracy, Rights and Constitutionalism -- The constitutional basis for popular government -- Rights-based constitutionalism? -- Political rights -- Democracy and civil rights -- Democracy and property rights -- Courts or legislatures? -- 9 The Boundaries of Inclusion -- The problem of qualification -- The problem of partitioning -- Extension beyond persons? -- 10 International Relations and Democratic Ideals -- Dropping one of the claims? -- Democratic values and international concerns.

AbstractThe slogan 'take back control' was central to Brexit. The conception of democracy this slogan embodies is the traditional Westminster model. It is a model in the sense that it is supposed to provide a simplified characterisation of the operative principles of UK politics and government, although practice in fact diverges from those principles. It is also a model in the sense that the Westminster system is seen by those favouring Brexit as an ideal to which practice needs to be restored. The model can be associated with a corresponding conception of democracies in the international order. However, there are both functional and democratic disadvantages with that account of democracy and the international order, disadvantages that the development of the EU highlights. Two alternative models of democracy beyond the nation state are identified, before concluding that the Westminster model has a past but not a future.